Quantitative analysis of urban groundwater in New Orleans and consequences for urban planning

Steady-state groundwater model (0–120 ft) for New Orleans analyzing urban water balance, sewer and drinking water leakage, infrastructure renovation, and sea level rise (+3 ft). Shows groundwater levels are strongly controlled by leaking sewers and surface waters. Renovation without mitigation may cause nuisance flooding, while sea level rise increases hydraulic heads and salinization risks. Recommends expanded monitoring, improved data integration, and adaptive groundwater management.