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Methods to derive natural background concentrations of metals in surface water and application of two methods in a case study
In this report, by Deltares and KWR, an inventory and evaluation of methods to derive natural background concentrations of metals in surface water are described. Six available methods are discerned of which three are evaluated: the clean streams approach, the sediment approach and the origin of surface water approach. A fourth method, the monitoring data approach, is recommended for quality control purposes. For open sea the clean stream approach is considered useful, for large Dutch rivers the sediment approach is recommended. For estuaries and coastal water the best method depends on the relative contribution of sea water and river water. For Dutch regional waters the background concentration may be based on the natural composition of groundwater, but due to lack of data the monitoring data approach is recommended.
Assessment of the nourishment efficiency using a Bayesian modelling approach : case study : North Holland
In this study, a Bayesian probabilistic model has been implemented to assess the effects of nourishments on a number of coastal indicators using, as input, data defined at Jarkus transect level for the North Holland coast. As indicators for short- and medium- term safety, probability of failure, MKL, and MDL have been selected.
Combining water and energy supply
This study explores the feasibility of a distribution and storage system that supplies both heat and cold based on local sources and drinking water to buildings. By combining thermal energy and drinking water supply in one network would save on underground distribution network. This study was conducted as part of the Dutch research programme 'Knowledge for Climate'.A conceptual framework is provided to determine 1) heat demand of an urban area, 2) heat yield of the urban water system and 3) heat storage capacity of the urban aquifer system. This framework is applied to a mainly residential suburb of Amsterdam. Results show that 25% of the demand can be provided by the urban water system and cycle in a time period when it can be used directly. A further 75% of heat is available in periods when there is no demand. Aquifer thermal energy storage can provide enough heat storage to provide a solution for the temporal mismatch between energy availability and demand.The overall energy performance of using the urban water cycle for heat supply and storage was compared to the primary energy consumption of a traditional system. The Epr of this system compared to a traditional system shows a 7% reduction. Key factors limiting the energy savings are the seasonal performance factor and the conversion factor of primary energy to electrical energy.The urban water system can provide an effective source of heat for urban areas. However, a more detailed design and more research are on both the thermal and economic efficiency. Delivering both drinking water and thermal energy using the same network does not seem feasible. The water quality in the combined distribution network can not be guaranteed to meet consumption standards. Point source purification can be used as a solution, but the higher cost for providing drinking water and the slightly increased health risk are expected to outweigh the advantage of saving on one distribution system.
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) design characteristics
This report gives an overview of the various design characteristics of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes and discusses their advantages and drawbacks. For this review, 19 (PES) cases have been examined.
Diffuse water emissions in E-PRTR : dissemination document
A EU project in which estimation methods to quantify diffuse emissions have been developed and forty maps have been prepared, covering the EU Member States and the EFTA countries on a River Basin District sub-unit scale for a selection of key sources and substance.
An evaluation of most common European site conditions to produce an overview for endusers of probable smartcoupling approaches
In-situ soil remediation treatment also affects the 'natural' soil conditions. The aim of the UPSOIL Work Package 2 is to enable practitioners to select the most cost-effective remediation approach through a balanced use of multiple technologies, based on an integral consideration of contaminant conditions, soil system characteristics and soil functions. D2.7 provides an overview of the soil pollution and remediation landscape in selected European countries with the aim to provide insight in the potential for application of ISCO in Europe.
Physical aspects explaining cyanobacteria scum formation in natural systems
Diurnal changes of vertical migration of cyanobacteria and hydrodynamic variability of lakes were coupled in one model using a Fokker-Planck equation that describes the changes in vertical position due to changes in colony mass-density and the advection of the flow. Also effects of small-scale turbulence on vertical migration of cyanobacteria were studied using the Navier-Stokes equations via Direct Numerical Simulations. Both methods showed that scum formation of cyanobacteria cannot be explained by small-scale turbulence and vertical migration of the colonies.
Analyse van systeemrobuustheid : een toepassing op de IJssel
De systeemrobuustheid en het overstromingsrisico van de IJsselvallei zijn gekwantificeerd. Robuustheid staat voor de mate waarin een systeem kan blijven functioneren bij (onzekere) externe verstoringen. Onderzocht is welke inzichten de robuustheidsanalyse levert over het functioneren van de IJsselvallei bij hoge afvoeren, of dit aansluit aan bij de definitie van robuustheid, en welke systeemconfiguratie de robuustheid van de IJsselvallei verhoogt voor hogeafvoeren?.
Verbeteringen aan de methode voor bepaling van schade in buitendijkse gebieden
Analyse van de problemen die ontstaan wanneer de standaard methode voor het bepalen van schade en slachtoffers (HIS-SSM), die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor toepassing in binnendijkse gebieden, in buitendijks gebied wordt toegepast. Aan de hand van de geconstateerde problemen worden voorstellen gedaan zodat een methode voor het bepalen van buitendijkse schade kan worden ontwikkeld.Rapport door HKV lijn in water, in opdracht van Deltares (Jarl Kind).
Evaluatie KRW-maatlatten en doelafleiding
De wijze waarop maatlatten, scores en doelen tot stand zijn gekomen zijn geevalueerd en waar nodig zijn verbeteringsvoorstellen geïdentificeerd. Hiertoe is een uitgebreid onderzoek uitgevoerd, bestaande uit (1) een data-analyse om een beeld te krijgen van maatlatten en de keuzes die zijn gemaakt in het proces rond het toekennen van watertypen en de doelafleiding, (2) een enquête richting diverse waterbeheerders over zowel de maatlatten als de doelafleiding, (3) interviews met experts over de maatlatten en (4) raadplegen van bestaande literatuur die zich richt op (evaluatie van) de maatlatten.