Understanding Saba’s groundwater system and nutrient pathways : An integrated hydrogeological and nutrient flux study of Saba, Caribbean Netherlands

This report, commissioned by the Public Entity Saba, provides a rapid assessment of groundwater flow and nutrient dynamics on the island, focusing on how nitrogen and phosphorus are transported from land-based sources to the surrounding marine environment. Findings show that groundwater, particularly from cesspits, is the main year-round pathway for nutrient flow to coastal waters, posing a threat to coral reef health. Historical goat overpopulation also contributed to nutrient loads, though this has since declined. The study recommends improved monitoring, better land and water management, and continued efforts to control nutrient sources such as wastewater.